Case Analysis of Sutton Health Essay Example for Free

Case Analysis of Sutton Health Essay This system distinguished that conventional installment preparing framework had constraints that impeded the viable gathering of income. What with the downturn, human services associations have seen an expansion in the powerlessness to gather obligation from oneself compensation, the uninsured and underinsured patients. This has caused a great deal of battle with regards to the associations to meet the operational edges and the benefits. I discover there are various purposes behind the new increment in patient’s obligations, the most well-known are, poor bookkeeping rehearses, absence of patient data and right socioeconomics. There is new administration that is intended to give progressively organized consideration to said patients (Gleeson,2010). There are five geographic areas that mirrors the social insurance access to the clients of Northern California. Every one of the five areas will have administration structure and it will regulate a large number of the Sutter partnered clinical offices and furthermore the medical clinics. In its push to build purpose of administration assortments and improve the general income cycle Sutter wellbeing found a way to quantify execution utilizing a bunch of explicit essential benchmarks, engaging PFS staff to accept accountability for each individual record they handle, guarantee every enlistment is dissected utilizing a guidelines motor to distinguish issues before patients leave the enrollment work area and guarantee PFS staff get proper far reaching preparing to exceed expectations under the new system† (Souza, McCarty, 2007). Getting the right patient data has a huge influence on non-collectable obligation since patients can't be reached. These impediments were related with restricted access to exact data by the record delegates, insufficient execution quantifies and divided focuses of the administration arrangement. The Sutter Health program built up a framework that was included arrangements that were outfitted towards conquering these constraints. The key issues and issues, is that the United States social insurance framework is portrayed by enormous upkeep from gathering income from patients. This circumstance is realized by a human services protection framework which involves high deductible compensation wellbeing plans and just as higher co-installments plan. (Souza, McCarty, 2007). This circumstance has been exacerbated through the enormous extent of the populace not having human services inclusion. The customary human services framework experiences serious difficulties meeting their objective income assortment. This is because of a few issues that joined alongside the customary installment framework. Not at all like when managing the installments through protection asserts yet in addition managing the direct front installments that are required by the medical clinic for installment of administrations before the patient could even get the administration (Souza, Mccarty, 2007). So this implies the patient administrations staff (PFS) must have total and exact data about above said customer. This introduced an issue for the customary installment framework where a significant part of the client installment framework was prepared in the back end. This framework likewise necessitated that the PFS staff request cash from self-pay patients, yet the PFS were not acquainted with this under the customary framework. The PFS staff thought that it was difficult to sit tight for the back end segment to process client data and to give a breakdown of the patients installment subtleties. So this turned into a repetitive errand for medical clinic bookkeeping offices just as for patients that needed to hold up a more extended period before accepting administrations. The wastefulness of the conventional framework brought about low quality administrations, yet in addition in low income assortments. The framework gives such a wide scope of human services administrations, which incorporate intense, sub-intense, home wellbeing, long haul, outpatient care just as doctor conveyance frameworks. These administrations are given through an incorporated medicinal services conveyance approach that enables the framework to convey a full scope of human services items and administrations. rks. Sutter additionally perceived that the conventional framework didn't give a way to breaking down chosen information nor did it create required point by point report on request. This prompted more expense as the medical clinic needed to depend on software engineers to create such reports. The front work area staff likewise needed constant data which frustrated their capacity to serve the customer without speaking with the back end staff. It additionally implied that the front work area staff couldn't screen the patients progress (Souza, McCarty, 2007). Another test was that the PFS individuals were not engaged enough to be considered responsible for every patients accounts they managed and it decreased the measure of responsibility among the staff. These are a portion of the key difficulties that the Sutter framework were intended to address. The arrangements that were utilized by Sutter Health was an endeavor to defeat the difficulties expressed previously. Sutter Health executed certain adjustments in the front referenced framework that would make their activity progressively effective. The methodologies distinguished by the Sutter program involved moving the greater part of the back end entrusting to the front work area; giving exact and complete data to administrators and forthright staff; giving progressively compelling execution assessment and incorporating all information components inside the framework (Souza, McCarty, 2007). Permitting front work area staff to deal with a significant part of the installment procedure was esteemed to affect the productivity of the procedure. Different arrangements were utilized to guarantee this is accomplished. One of these arrangements involved utilizing benchmarks to gauge execution by the Patient Service Staff (PFS). Sutter distinguished a bunch of essential benchmarks which included; Unbilled A/R days, Gross A/R days, Major A/R days, Cash Collection,percentage of A/R more than 90, 180, 360 days (Souza, McCarty, 2007). This benchmark presented shorter periods with which staff exhibitions could be assessed. This move was opportune particularly while onsidering that the business has changed and things occur as far as hours and days however not months. Another arrangement included enabling the PFS individuals to have full obligation over the records they are managing. This move was intended to expand an awareness of other's expectations and responsibility as every individual individuals will be answerable for their own record (Souza, McCarty, 2007). This likewise gave the PFS individuals more self-governance to go about as they saw fit and this improved the speed and proficient of administr ation conveyance by these staff individuals. The program additionally furnished the PFS individuals with instruments, that empowered them to mechanize their records, sort out their bookkeeping utilizing different methods and seen their exhibitions dependent on the accomplishment of the objective. PFS and other bookkeeper delegates were given individual dashboards that helped in the following of their advancement in meeting targets. This likewise helped in implementing the benchmarks set by this program. Sutter’s wellbeing program additionally presented a front end gathering framework as methods for conquering the referenced issues. The half quart of access gathering framework presented an open door for the human services offices to diminish cases and dissents. In spite of the fact that this framework the patient records are investigated before the patient leaves the enrollment work area. This empowers the front work area staff to recognize issues, for example, awful obligation, patient or invalid patient sort sufficiently early and make the important remedial move. The Sutter wellbeing program likewise set out on a far reaching preparing program that was intended to help the current PFS individuals and the enlistment staff. This gave staff the fundamental skill to manage the instruments gave by this framework. The preparation program additionally killed the need to enlist officially taught staff to work the framework that would and more than the $10-$20 an hour paid to current enrollment and PFS staff. For instance, enlistment staff who were not used to approaching patients for cash were prepared in compelling relational abilities. The preparation was additionally intended to present independence and viability which went about as a spark to the worker.

Franco Zeffirelli And Baz Luhrmanns Romeo And Juliet :: William Shakespeare

Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann's Romeo and Juliet      Sex, medications, and viciousness are normally a strong mix, and as it were William Shakespeare could form them into a marvelous, lovely, and rich story. In the play, "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet," every one of these parts of high school life retain the peruser or watcher. It is comprehended that Hollywood would attempt to copy this gem on screen, and it has done as such in two films: Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 "Romeo and Juliet" and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 "William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet." The refreshed Luhrmann picture best catches the pith of Shakespeare for the present-day watcher. Through the smart utilization of modernization and area, while saving Shakespearean language, the soul of Shakespeare rises to enamor a huge crowd.      Shakespeare's plays were intended to adjust to any crowd: with this in mind, Baz Luhrmann made a film that applies to the advanced crowd through this refreshing. Luhrmann modernizes "Romeo and Juliet," through consistent changes of the props, which allure the crowd into truly feeling the soul of Shakespeare. To begin with, the film begins with an introduction conceal as a news communicate on TV. This lays the right foundation of the play by outlining the savagery happening between the two rich families, the Montagues and the Capulets. In Zeffirelli's film of "Romeo and Juliet," the preamble takes the type of a dry storyteller relating the tale of the Montagues and Capulets over a scenery of an Italian city. For most current watchers (particularly young people), the Luhrmann picture is quick paced, keeping the onlooker interested, while the Zeffirelli picture is troubling and dull, a perpetual labyrinth of long and exhausting discussions, foreshadowed by the preamble. In Luhrmann's film, the entertainers, rather than conveying blades with them, conceal firearms in their shirts and use them expertly. The demise of Romeo and Juliet is (as usual) accused on the post office, for not conveying the letter appropriately. What's more, to be politically right, Mercutio shows up at the Capulets' ball dressed as a huge lady. The entertainers in Zeffirelli's adaptation of Shakespeare wear shaded tights and protruding pullovers; in this manner they show up progressively humorous in light of the fact that they are obsolete. By modernizing these parts of the play, and remaking the preface, Luhrmann makes a film that is all the more fascinating to the cutting edge watcher, and catches the embodiment of Shakespeare's compositions. Confirming this watcher cordiality, the 1996 "William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet" made just about twelve million dollars in the month of November alone because of its cunning modifications.      As well as refreshing Shakespeare's play to the current decade through props, Baz Luhrmann's film is increasingly charming a direct result of the energetic settings. The Zeffirelli's "Romeo and Juliet" happens in an old Italian city, with

18 Simple School Strategies for Students With ADHD

18 Simple School Strategies for Students With ADHD Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (commonly referred to as ADHD) is a condition that develops in childhood and is characterized by problems with attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), ADHD is a problem for approximately nine percent of American children from ages thirteen to eighteen, with boys being four times more at risk than girls. If you are a teacher of a child with  ADHD, this list of 18 simple strategies to help students learn is for you. Strategies for the Classroom Classroom rules  should be clear and concise and reviewed regularly with the student. It is helpful to have the child repeat back rules, expectations or other instructions to make sure they are understood. These rules should be posted prominently in the classroom.Because students with ADHD are susceptible to distractions, seat the student close to the teacher. Make sure he or she is seated away from easy distractions, such as doors, windows, cubby areas or pencil sharpeners.  Give the student frequent and immediate feedback or consequences about behaviors.Catch the student being good and give him immediate praise. Ignore  negative behaviors  that are minimal and not disruptive.Use rewards and incentives before punishment to motivate the student and to help keep school feeling like a positive place. Change up the rewards frequently to help prevent the student from becoming bored.Allow student frequent  physical breaks  to move around (to hand out or collect materials, run errands to t he office or other areas in the school building, erase the board, get a drink of water at the water fountain, etc.).Allow some restlessness at work area. Allow students to stand up at his desk if it helps him stay on task.Tape an index card to the student’s desk with written class rules.  Help him keep track of the schedule by reviewing it with him at various times during the day and prepare him for each transition.Limit distractions, excessive noise, distracting visual stimuli, clutter, etc. (For some kids with ADHD listening to “white noise” or soft background music can help concentration and focus.)Reduce the student’s total workload. Break work down into smaller sections.Give  concise one- or two-step directions. Avoid “overloading” with too much info.Place a hand on the student’s shoulder, hand or arm while talking to him in order to help him stay focused on what is said.Allow the student to hold a small “koosh ball” or silly putty or something tactile for him to manipulate. This slight stimulation often helps keep an ADHD child focused.If the school allows it, some students benefit from chewing gum to release energy and keep concentration.Schedule the most difficult subjects in the morning time when the student (and the whole class) is fresher and less fatigued.Do not use loss of  recess  as a consequence for negative behavior. (ADHD kids benefit from the  physical movement  that occurs during recess and can usually focus better following this exercise).Use timers, taped time signals, or verbal cues to show how much time the student has remaining for an activity.Pair the student with a “study buddy”â€"a kind and mature classroom peer who can help give reminders or refocus the child when he gets off track. A successful strategy to effectively educate students with ADHD includes a triad that includes academic instruction, behavioral interventions, and classroom accommodations. When these strategies are applied more regularly in the classroom, they will benefit not only students with ADHD  but the entire learning environment.

The Flight Of Canada And The Different Drummer - 865 Words

Decoteau, 1 Genevieve Decoteau Prof. Quincy Flowers ENG 7800 04/27/15 Correlation between the novels ‘The Flight to Canada’ and ‘ The Different Drummer’ Both of the novels ‘The Flight to Canada’ by Ishamael Reed and ‘The Different Drummer’ by Melvin Kelley were powerful and uplifting. The main subject of these two novels are slavery and freedom allowing the characters to search for their identity either spiritually or physically. ‘The Different Drummer’ is the novel that encourages us to strive and push oneself to make a real difference in life, and stop taking our lives and existence for granted. Both novels detailed the story of the main characters, that were striving to leave their homes for a better life. All in all, both novels clearly illustrates the history of the complicated relationships between the two races: whites and blacks. As depicted in both novels, apart from poor compensation and intimidation, the slaves worked long hours and under pressure. After working on the plants and sugarcane fields, the slaves had to do other duties in a homestead, handling cattle, houses and so forth. In most of these cases, the slaves demonstrated a state of compliance,Show MoreRelatedThe Flight Of Canada And The Different Drummer863 Words   |  4 Pages7800 04/27/15 Correlation between the novel The Flight to Canada and The Different Drummer Both of the novels ‘The Flight to Canada’ by Ishamel Reed and ‘The Different Drummer’ by Melvin Kelley were powerful and uplifting. The main subject of these two novels are slavery and freedom allowing the characters to search for their identity either spiritually or physically. ‘The Different Drummer’ is the novel that encourages us to strive andRead MoreTable Mountain National Park and Cape Town4533 Words   |  19 PagesAfrican pharmacies. Sun Protection: The South African sun is strong with a high ultraviolet rating, so screening products with sun protection factors of 15 and over are recommended. Visas: Passport holders from more than 80 countries, including the USA, Canada, Japan and the European Union countries can visit South Africa without visas. For further information contact your local office of the diplomatic or consular representative of the South African Government. If you intend traveling to South AfricasRead MoreBill Bojangles Robinson4395 Words   |  18 Pages Robinson launched his solo career, becoming one of the few African-Americans to headline at New Yorks prestigious Palace Theatre. Robinsons Stair Dance, introduced in 1918, was distinguished by its showmanship and sound, each step emitting a different pitch and rhythm. Onstage, his open face, twinkling eyes and infectious smile were irresistible, as was his tapping, which was delicate and clear. Buck or Time Steps were inserted with skating steps or crossover steps on the balls of the feet thatRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesother hand, charisma produces change by effecting â€Å"subjective or internal reorientation,† which may then produce â€Å"a radical alteration of the central attitudes and directions of actions with a completely new orientation of all attitudes toward the different problems of the world.†21 Thus, charisma and rationalization do not really conï ¬â€šict. 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That is, the text does not specialize by industry type or project scope. Instead, the text is written for the individual who will be required to manage a variety of projects in a variety of different organizational settings. In the case of some small projects, a few of the steps of the techniques can be omitted, but the conceptual framework applies to all organizations in which projects are important to survival. The approach can be used in pure

Martin Seligman s Exploration Of Learned Helplessness,...

The world of science consistently generates new studies in various fields, yielding results that can revolutionize society and shine light on the world we know so very little about. However, it is easy to get lost in specific studies and view each one as its own, independent discovery. And while each experiment provides an important look into the complexities of this world, science is an amalgamation of many discoveries strung together in complex ways. This way, the merits of each study can interrelate in order to further understand something else. In the realm of positive psychology, it is important that a number of different scientific discoveries work together to explain an overarching topic. For example, two studies that are interrelated are Martin Seligman’s exploration of learned helplessness, and Roy Baumeister’s study on willpower depletion. Both are important in their own rights, but by comparing both Seligman and Baumeister’s experiments, scientists can discuss the overarching concept of willpower as a depletable resource. Psychologist Martin Seligman conducted an experiment that aimed to understand more about classical conditioning. In his study, he rang a bell and lightly shocked a dog. Eventually, if the dog heard the bell, it would react to the shock before it even happened. This was all good, it was a great example of classical conditioning, but the truly interesting part of the study came later. Seligman constructed a box with a small wall in the middle.

Forward the Foundation Chapter 19 Free Essays

17 The General had had a bad night and so, out of apprehension, had the colonel. They faced each other now-each at a loss. The General said, â€Å"Tell me again what this woman did. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Linn seemed to have a heavy weight on his shoulders. â€Å"She’s The Tiger Woman. That’s what they call her. She doesn’t seem to be quite human, somehow. She’s some sort of impossibly trained athlete, full of self-confidence, and, General, she’s quite frightening.† â€Å"Did she frighten you? A single woman?† â€Å"Let me tell you exactly what she did and let me tell you a few other things about her. I don’t know how true all the stories about her are, but what happened yesterday evening is true enough.† He told the story again and the General listened, puffing out his cheeks. â€Å"Bad,† he said. â€Å"What do we do?† â€Å"I think our course is plain before us. We want psychohistory-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, we do,† said the General. â€Å"Seldon told me something about taxation that-But never mind. That is beside the point at the moment. Go on.† Linn, who, in his troubled state of mind, had allowed a small fragment of impatience to show on his face, continued, â€Å"As I say, we want psychohistory without Seldon. He is, in any case, a used-up man. The more I study him, the more I see an elderly scholar who is living on his past deeds. He has had nearly thirty years to make a success of psychohistory and he has failed. Without him, with new men at the helm, psychohistory may advance more rapidly.† â€Å"Yes, I agree. Now what about the woman?† â€Å"Well, there you are. We haven’t taken her into consideration because she has been careful to remain in the background. But I strongly suspect now that it will be difficult, perhaps impossible, to remove Seldon quietly and without implicating the government, as long as the woman remains alive.† â€Å"Do you really believe that she will mangle you and me-if she thinks we have harmed her man?† said the General, his mouth twisting in contempt. â€Å"I really think she will and that she will start a rebellion as well. It will he exactly as she promised.† â€Å"You are turning into a coward.† â€Å"General, please. I am trying to be sensible. I’m not backing off. We must take care of this Tiger Woman.† He paused thoughtfully. â€Å"As a matter of fact, my sources have told me this and I admit to having paid far too little attention to the matter.† â€Å"And how do you think we can get rid of her?† Linn said, â€Å"I don’t know.† Then, more slowly, â€Å"But someone else might.† 18 Seldon had had a bad night also, nor was the new day promising to be much better. There weren’t too many times when Hari felt annoyed with Dors. But this time, he was very annoyed. He said, â€Å"What a foolish thing to do! Wasn’t it enough that we were all staying at the Dome’s Edge Hotel? That alone would have been sufficient to drive a paranoid ruler into thoughts of some sort of conspiracy.† â€Å"How? We were unarmed, Hari. It was a holiday affair, the final touch of your birthday celebration. We posed no threat.† â€Å"Yes, but then you carried out your invasion of the Palace grounds. It was unforgivable. You raced to the Palace to interfere with my session with the General, when I had specifically-and several times-made it plain that I didn’t want you there. I had my own plans, you know.† Dors said, â€Å"Your desires and your orders and your plans all take second place to your safety. I was primarily concerned about that.† â€Å"I was in no danger.† â€Å"That is not something I can carelessly assume. There have been two attempts on your life. What makes you think there won’t be a third?† â€Å"The two attempts were made when I was First Minister. I was probably worth killing then. Who would want to kill an elderly mathematician?† Dors said, â€Å"That’s exactly what I want to find out and that’s what I want to stop. I must begin by doing some questioning right here at the Project.† â€Å"No. You will simply be upsetting my people. Leave them alone.† â€Å"That’s exactly what I can’t do. Hari, my job is to protect you and for twenty-eight years I’ve been working at that. You cannot stop me now.† Something in the blaze of her eyes made it quite clear that, whatever Seldon’s desires or orders might be, Dors intended to do as she pleased. Seldon’s safety came first. 19 â€Å"May I interrupt you, Yugo?† â€Å"Of course, Dors,† said Yugo Amaryl with a large smile. â€Å"You are never an interruption. What can I do for you?† â€Å"I am trying to find out a few things, Yugo, and I wonder if you would humor me in this.† â€Å"If I can.† â€Å"You have something in the Project called the Prime Radiant. I hear it now and then. Hari speaks of it, so I imagine I know what it looks like when it is activated, but I have never actually seen it in operation. I would like to.† Amaryl looked uncomfortable. â€Å"Actually the Prime Radiant is just about the most closely guarded part of the Project and you aren’t on the list of the members who have access.† â€Å"I know that, but we’ve known each other for twenty-eight years-â€Å" â€Å"And you’re Hari’s wife. I suppose we can stretch a point. We only have two full Prime Radiants. There’s one in Hari’s office and one here. Right there, in fact.† Dors looked at the squat black cube on the central desk. It looked utterly undistinguished. â€Å"Is that it?† â€Å"That’s it. It stores the equations that describe the future.† â€Å"How do you get at those equations?† Amaryl moved a contact and at once the room darkened and then came to life in a variegated glow. All around Dors were symbols, arrows, mathematical signs of one sort or another. They seemed to be moving, spiraling, but when she focused her eyes on any particular portion, it seemed to be standing still. She said, â€Å"Is that the future, then?† â€Å"It may be,† said Amaryl, turning off the instrument. â€Å"I had it at full expansion so you could see the symbols. Without expansion, nothing is visible but patterns of light and dark.† â€Å"And by studying those equations, you are able to judge what the future holds in store for us?† â€Å"In theory.† The room was now back to its mundane appearance. â€Å"But there are two difficulties.† â€Å"Oh? What are they?† â€Å"To begin with, no human mind has created those equations directly. We have merely spent decades programming more powerful computers and they have devised and stored the equations, but, of course, we don’t know if they are valid and have meaning. It depends entirely on how valid and meaningful the programming is in the first place.† â€Å"They could be all wrong, then?† â€Å"They could be.† Amaryl rubbed his eyes and Dors could not help thinking how old and tired he seemed to have grown in the last couple of years. He was younger than Hari by nearly a dozen years, but he seemed much older. â€Å"Of course,† Amaryl went on in a rather weary voice, â€Å"we hope that they aren’t all wrong, but that’s where the second difficulty comes in. Although Hari and I have been testing and modifying them for decades, we can never be sure what the equations mean. The computer has constructed them, so it is to be presumed they must mean something-but what? There are portions that we think we have worked out. In fact, right now, I’m working on what we call Section A-23, a particularly knotty system of relationships. We have not yet been able to match it with anything in the real Universe. Still, each year sees us further advanced and I look forward confidently to the establishment of psychohistory as a legitimate and useful technique for dealing with the future.† â€Å"How many people have access to these Prime Radiants?† â€Å"Every mathematician in the Project has access but not at will. There have to be applications and time allotted and the Prime Radiant has to be adjusted to the portion of the equations a mathematician wishes to refer to. It gets a little complicated when everyone wants to use the Prime Radiant at the same time. Right now, things are slow, possibly because we’re still in the aftermath of Hari’s birthday celebration.† â€Å"Is there any plan for constructing additional Prime Radiants?† Amaryl thrust out his lips. â€Å"Yes and no. It would be very helpful if we had a third, but someone would have to be in charge of it. It can’t just be a community possession. I have suggested to Hari that Tamwile Elar-you know him, I think- â€Å" â€Å"Yes, I do.† â€Å"That Elar have a third Prime Radiant. His achaotic equations and the Electro-Clarifier he thought up make him clearly the third man in the Project after Hari and myself. Hari hesitates, however.† â€Å"Why? Do you know?† â€Å"If Elar gets one, he is openly recognized as the third man, over the Head of other mathematicians who are older and who have more senior status in the Project. There might be some political difficulties, so to speak. I think that we can’t waste time in worrying about internal politics, but Hari-Well, you know Hari.† â€Å"Yes, I know Hari. Suppose I tell you that Linn has seen the Prime Radiant.† â€Å"Linn?† â€Å"Colonel Hender Linn of the junta. Tennar’s lackey.† â€Å"I doubt that very much, Dors.† â€Å"He has spoken of spiraling equations and I have just seen them produced by the Prime Radiant. I can’t help but think he’s been here and seen it working.† Amaryl shook his head, â€Å"I can’t imagine anyone bringing a member of the junta into Hari’s office-or mine.† â€Å"Tell me, who in the Project do you think is capable of working with the junta in this fashion?† â€Å"No one,† said Amaryl flatly and with clearly unlimited faith. â€Å"That would be unthinkable. Perhaps Linn never saw the Prime Radiant but was merely told about it.† â€Å"Who would tell him about it?† Amaryl thought a moment and said, â€Å"No one.† â€Å"Well now, you talked about internal politics a while ago in connection with the possibility of Elar having a third Prime Radiant. I suppose in a Project such as this one with hundreds of people, there are little feuds going on all the time-frictions-quarrels.† â€Å"Oh yes. Poor Hari talks to me about it every once in a while. He has to deal with them in one way or another and I can well imagine what a headache it must be for him.† â€Å"Are these feuds so bad that they interfere with the working of the Project?† â€Å"Not seriously.† â€Å"Are there any people who are more quarrelsome than others or any duo draw more resentment than others? In short, are there people you can get rid of and perhaps remove 90 percent of the friction at the cost of 5 or 6 percent of the personnel?† Amaryl raised his eyebrows. â€Å"It sounds like a good idea, but I don’t know whom to get rid of. I don’t really participate in all the minutiae of internal politics. There’s no way of stopping it, so for my part, I merely avoid it.† â€Å"That’s strange,† said Dors. â€Å"Aren’t you in this way denying any credibility to psychohistory?† â€Å"In what way?† â€Å"How can you pretend to reach a point where you can predict and guide the future, when you cannot analyze and correct something as homegrown as personal frictions in the very Project that promises so much?† Amaryl chuckled softly. It was unusual, for he was not a man who was given to humor and laughter. â€Å"I’m sorry, Dors, but you picked on the one problem that we have solved, after a manner of speaking. Hari himself identified the equations that represented the difficulties of personal friction years ago and I myself then added the final touch last year. â€Å"I found that there were ways in which the equations could be changed so as to indicate a reduction in friction. In every such case, however, a reduction in friction here meant an increase in friction there. Never at any time was there a total decrease or, for that matter, a total increase in the friction within a closed group-that is, one in which no old members leave and no new members come in. What I proved, with the help of Elar’s achaotic equations, was that this was true despite any conceivable action anyone could take. Hari calls it ‘the law of conservation of personal problems.’ â€Å"It gave rise to the notion that social dynamics has its conservation laws as physics does and that, in fact, it is these laws that offer us the best possible tools for solving the truly troublesome aspects of psychohistory.† Dors said, â€Å"Rather impressive, but what if you end up finding that nothing at all can be changed, that everything that is bad is conserved, and that to save the Empire from destruction is merely to increase destruction of another kind?† â€Å"Actually some have suggested that, but I don’t believe it.† â€Å"Very well. Back to reality. Is there anything in the frictional problems within the Project that threaten Hari? I mean, with physical harm.† â€Å"Harm Hari? Of course not. How can you suggest such a thing?† â€Å"Might there not be some who resent Hari, for being too arrogant, too pushy, too self-absorbed, too eager to grab all the credit? Or, if none of these things apply, might they not resent him simply because he has run the Project for so long a time?† â€Å"I never heard anyone say such a thing about Hari.† Dors seemed dissatisfied. â€Å"I doubt that anyone would say such things in your hearing, of course. But thank you, Yugo, for being so helpful and for giving me so much of your time.† Amaryl stared after her as she left. He felt vaguely troubled, but then returned to his work and let other matters drift away. 20 One way Hari Seldon had (out of not too many ways) for pulling away from his work for a time was to visit Raych’s apartment, just outside the university grounds. To do this invariably filled him with love for his foster son. There were ample grounds. Raych had been good, capable, and loyal-but besides that was the strange quality Raych had of inspiring trust and love in others. Hari had observed it when Raych was a twelve-year-old street boy, who somehow pulled at his own and at Dors’s heartstrings. He remembered how Raych had affected Rashelle, the onetime Mayor of Wye. Hari remembered how Joranum had trusted Raych, which led to his own destruction. Raych had even managed to win the heart of the beautiful Manella. Hari did not completely understand this particular quality that Raych embodied, but he enjoyed whatever contact he had with his foster son. He entered the apartment with his usual â€Å"All well here?† Raych put aside the holographic material he was working with and rose to greet him, â€Å"All well, Dad.† â€Å"I don’t hear Wanda.† â€Å"For good reason. She’s out shopping with her mother.† Seldon seated himself and looked good-humoredly at the chaos of reference material. â€Å"How’s the book coming?† â€Å"It’s doing fine. It’s me who might not survive.† He sighed. â€Å"But for once, we’ll get the straight poop on Dahl. Nobody’s ever written a book devoted to that section, wouldja believe?† Seldon had always noted that, whenever Raych talked of his home sector, his Dahlite accent always strengthened. Raych said, â€Å"And how are you, Dad? Glad the festivities are over?† â€Å"Enormously. I hated just about every minute of it.† â€Å"Not so anyone could notice.† â€Å"Listen, I had to wear a mask of sorts. I didn’t want to spoil the celebration for everyone else.† â€Å"You must have hated it when Mom chased after you onto the Palace grounds. Everyone I know has been talking about that.† â€Å"I certainly did hate it. Your mother, Raych, is the most wonderful person in the world, but she is very difficult to handle. She might have spoiled my plans.† â€Å"What plans are those, Dad?† Seldon settled back. It was always pleasant to speak to someone in whom he had total trust and who knew nothing about psychohistory. More than once he had bounced thoughts off Raych and had worked them out into more sensible forms than would have been the case if those same thoughts had been mulled over in his mind. He said, â€Å"Are we shielded?† â€Å"Always.† â€Å"Good. What I did was to set General Tennar thinking along curious lines.† â€Å"What lines?† â€Å"Well, I discussed taxation a bit and pointed out that, in the effort to make taxation rest evenly on the population, it grew more and more complex, unwieldy, and costly. The obvious implication was that the tax system must be simplified.† â€Å"That seems to make sense.† â€Å"Up to a point, but it is possible that, as a result of our little discussion, Tennar may oversimplify. You see, taxation loses effectiveness at both extremes. Overcomplicate it and people cannot understand it and pay for an overgrown and expensive tax organization. Oversimplify it and people consider it unfair and grow bitterly resentful. The simplest tax is a poll tax, in which every individual pays the same amount, but the unfairness of treating rich and poor alike in this way is too evident to overlook.† â€Å"And you didn’t explain this to the General?† â€Å"Somehow, I didn’t get a chance.† â€Å"Do you think the General will try a poll tax?† â€Å"I think he will plan one. If he does, the news is bound to leak out and that alone would suffice to set off riots and possibly upset the government.† â€Å"And you’ve done this on purpose, Dad?† â€Å"Of course.† Raych shook his head. â€Å"I don’t quite understand you, Dad. In your personal life, you’re as sweet and gentle as any person in the Empire. Yet you can deliberately set up a situation in which there will be riots, suppression, deaths. There’ll be a lot of damage done, Dad. Have you thought of that?† Seldon leaned back in his chair and said sadly, â€Å"I think of nothing else, Raych. When I first began my work on psychohistory, it seemed a purely academic piece of research to me. It was something that could not he worked out at all, in all likelihood, and, if it was, it would not be something that could be practically applied. But the decades pass and we know more and more and then comes the terrible urge to apply it.† â€Å"So that people can die?† â€Å"No, so that fewer people can die. If our psychohistorical analyses are correct now, then the junta cannot survive for more than a few years and there are various alternative ways in which it can collapse. They will all he fairly bloody and desperate. This method-the taxation gimmick- should do it more smoothly and gently than any other if-I repeat-our analyses are correct.† â€Å"If they’re not correct, what then?† â€Å"In that case, we don’t know what might happen. Still, psychohistory must reach the point where it can be used and we’ve been searching for years for something in which we have worked out the consequences with a certain assuredness and can find those consequences tolerable as compared with alternatives. In a way, this taxation gimmick is the first great psychohistoric experiment.† â€Å"I must admit, it sounds like a simple one.† â€Å"It isn’t. You have no idea how complex psychohistory is. Nothing is simple. The poll tax has been tried now and then throughout history. It is never popular and it invariably gives rise to resistance of one form or another, but it almost never results in the violent overthrow of a government. After all, the powers of governmental oppression may be too strong or there may be methods whereby the people can bring to bear their opposition in a peaceful manner and achieve redress. If a poll tax were invariably or even just sometimes fatal, then no government would ever try it. It is only because it isn’t fatal that it is tried repeatedly. The situation on Trantor is, however, not exactly normal. There are certain instabilities that seem clear in psychohistorical analysis, which make it seem that resentment will be particularly strong and repression particularly weak.† Raych sounded dubious. â€Å"I hope it works, Dad, but don’t you think that the General will say that he was working under psychohistorical advice and bring you down with him?† â€Å"I suppose he recorded our little session together, but if he publicizes that, it will show clearly that I urged him to wait till I could analyze the situation properly and prepare a report-and he refused to wait.† â€Å"And what does Mom think of all this?† Seldon said, â€Å"I haven’t discussed it with her. She’s off on another tangent altogether.† â€Å"Really?† â€Å"Yes. She’s trying to sniff out some deep conspiracy in the Project-aimed at me! I imagine she thinks there are many people in the Project who would like to get rid of me.† Seldon sighed. â€Å"I’m one of them, I think. I would like to get rid of me as director of the Project and leave the gathering responsibilities of psychohistory to others.† Raych said, â€Å"What’s bugging Mom is Wanda’s dream. You know how Mom feels about protecting you. I’ll bet even a dream about your dying would be enough to make her think of a murder conspiracy against you.† â€Å"I certainly hope there isn’t one.† And at the idea of it both men laughed. 21 The small Electro-Clarification Laboratory was, for some reason, maintained at a temperature somewhat lower than normal and Dors Venabili wondered idly why that might be. She sat quietly, waiting for the one occupant of the lab to finish whatever it was she was doing. Dors eyed the woman carefully. Slim, with a long face. Not exactly attractive, with her thin lips and receding jawline, but a look of intelligence shone in her dark brown eyes. The glowing nameplate on her desk said: CINDA MONAY. She turned to Dors at last and said, â€Å"My apologies, Dr. Venabili, but there are some procedures that can’t be interrupted even for the wife of the director.† â€Å"I would have been disappointed in you if you had neglected the procedure on my behalf. I have been told some excellent things about you.† â€Å"That’s always nice to hear. Who’s been praising me?† â€Å"Quite a few,† said Dors. â€Å"I gather that you are one of the most prominent nonmathematicians in the Project.† Monay winced. â€Å"There’s a certain tendency to divide the rest of us from the aristocracy of mathematics. My own feeling is that, if I’m prominent, then I’m a prominent member of the Project. It makes no difference that I’m a nonmathematician.† â€Å"That certainly sounds reasonable to me. How long have you been with the Project?† â€Å"Two and a half years. Before that I was a graduate student in radiational physics at Streeling and, while I was doing that, I served a couple of years with the Project as an intern.† â€Å"You’ve done well at the Project, I understand.† â€Å"I’ve been promoted twice, Dr. Venabili.† â€Å"Have you encountered any difficulties here, Dr. Monay? Whatever you say will be held confidential.† â€Å"The work is difficult, of course, but if you mean, have I run into any social difficulties, the answer is no. At least not any more than one would expect in any large and complex project, I imagine.† â€Å"And by that you mean?† â€Å"Occasional spats and quarrels. We’re all human.† â€Å"But nothing serious?† Monay shook her head. â€Å"Nothing serious.† â€Å"My understanding, Dr. Monay,† said Dors, â€Å"is that you have been responsible for the development of a device important to the use of the Prime Radiant. It makes it possible to cram much more information into the Prime Radiant.† Monay broke into a radiant smile. â€Å"Do you know about that? Yes, the Electro-Clarifier. After that was developed, Professor Seldon established this small laboratory and put me in charge of other work in that direction.† â€Å"I’m amazed that such an important advance did not bring you up into the higher echelons of the Project.† â€Å"Oh well,† said Monay, looking a trifle embarrassed. â€Å"I don’t want to take all the credit. Actually my work was only that of a technician-a very skilled and creative technician, I like to think-but there you are.† â€Å"And who worked with you?† â€Å"Didn’t you know? It was Tamwile Elar. He worked out the theory that made the device possible and I designed and built the actual instrument.† â€Å"Does that mean he took the credit, Dr. Monay?† â€Å"No no. You mustn’t think that. Dr. Elar is not that kind of man. He gave me full credit for my share of the work. In fact, it was his idea to call the device by our names-both our names-but he couldn’t.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Well, that’s Professor Seldon’s rule, you know. All devices and equations are to be given functional names and not personal ones-to avoid resentment. So the device is just the Electro-Clarifier. When we’re working together, however, he gives the device our names and, I tell you, Dr. Venabili, it sounds grand. Perhaps someday, all of the Project personnel will use the personal name. I hope so.† â€Å"I hope so, too,† said Dors politely. â€Å"You make Elar sound like a very decent individual.† â€Å"He is. He is,† said Monay earnestly. â€Å"He is a delight to work for. Right now, I’m working on a new version of the device, which is more powerful and which I don’t quite understand. I mean, what it’s to be used for. However, he’s directing me there.† â€Å"And are you making progress?† â€Å"Indeed. In fact, I’ve given Dr. Elar a prototype, which he plans to test. If it works out, we can proceed further.† â€Å"It sounds good,† agreed Dors. â€Å"What do you think would happen if Professor Seldon were to resign as director of the Project? If he were to retire?† Monay looked surprised. â€Å"Is the professor planning to retire?† â€Å"Not that I know of. I’m presenting you with a hypothetical case. Suppose he retires. Who do you think would be a natural successor? I think from what you have said that you would favor Professor Elar as the new director.† â€Å"Yes, I would,† responded Monay after a trifling hesitation. â€Å"He’s far and away the most brilliant of the new people and I think he could run the Project in the best possible way. Still, he’s rather young. There are a considerable number of old fossils-well, you know what I mean-who would resent being passed over by a young squirt.† â€Å"Is there any old fossil you’re thinking of in particular? Remember, this is confidential.† â€Å"Quite a few of them, but there’s Dr. Amaryl. He’s the heir apparent.† â€Å"Yes, I see what you mean.† Dors rose. â€Å"Well, thank you so much for your help. I’ll let you return to your work now.† She left, thinking about the Electro-Clarifier. And about Amaryl. How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 19, Essay examples

Forward the Foundation Chapter 19 Free Essays

17 The General had had a bad night and so, out of apprehension, had the colonel. They faced each other now-each at a loss. The General said, â€Å"Tell me again what this woman did. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Linn seemed to have a heavy weight on his shoulders. â€Å"She’s The Tiger Woman. That’s what they call her. She doesn’t seem to be quite human, somehow. She’s some sort of impossibly trained athlete, full of self-confidence, and, General, she’s quite frightening.† â€Å"Did she frighten you? A single woman?† â€Å"Let me tell you exactly what she did and let me tell you a few other things about her. I don’t know how true all the stories about her are, but what happened yesterday evening is true enough.† He told the story again and the General listened, puffing out his cheeks. â€Å"Bad,† he said. â€Å"What do we do?† â€Å"I think our course is plain before us. We want psychohistory-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, we do,† said the General. â€Å"Seldon told me something about taxation that-But never mind. That is beside the point at the moment. Go on.† Linn, who, in his troubled state of mind, had allowed a small fragment of impatience to show on his face, continued, â€Å"As I say, we want psychohistory without Seldon. He is, in any case, a used-up man. The more I study him, the more I see an elderly scholar who is living on his past deeds. He has had nearly thirty years to make a success of psychohistory and he has failed. Without him, with new men at the helm, psychohistory may advance more rapidly.† â€Å"Yes, I agree. Now what about the woman?† â€Å"Well, there you are. We haven’t taken her into consideration because she has been careful to remain in the background. But I strongly suspect now that it will be difficult, perhaps impossible, to remove Seldon quietly and without implicating the government, as long as the woman remains alive.† â€Å"Do you really believe that she will mangle you and me-if she thinks we have harmed her man?† said the General, his mouth twisting in contempt. â€Å"I really think she will and that she will start a rebellion as well. It will he exactly as she promised.† â€Å"You are turning into a coward.† â€Å"General, please. I am trying to be sensible. I’m not backing off. We must take care of this Tiger Woman.† He paused thoughtfully. â€Å"As a matter of fact, my sources have told me this and I admit to having paid far too little attention to the matter.† â€Å"And how do you think we can get rid of her?† Linn said, â€Å"I don’t know.† Then, more slowly, â€Å"But someone else might.† 18 Seldon had had a bad night also, nor was the new day promising to be much better. There weren’t too many times when Hari felt annoyed with Dors. But this time, he was very annoyed. He said, â€Å"What a foolish thing to do! Wasn’t it enough that we were all staying at the Dome’s Edge Hotel? That alone would have been sufficient to drive a paranoid ruler into thoughts of some sort of conspiracy.† â€Å"How? We were unarmed, Hari. It was a holiday affair, the final touch of your birthday celebration. We posed no threat.† â€Å"Yes, but then you carried out your invasion of the Palace grounds. It was unforgivable. You raced to the Palace to interfere with my session with the General, when I had specifically-and several times-made it plain that I didn’t want you there. I had my own plans, you know.† Dors said, â€Å"Your desires and your orders and your plans all take second place to your safety. I was primarily concerned about that.† â€Å"I was in no danger.† â€Å"That is not something I can carelessly assume. There have been two attempts on your life. What makes you think there won’t be a third?† â€Å"The two attempts were made when I was First Minister. I was probably worth killing then. Who would want to kill an elderly mathematician?† Dors said, â€Å"That’s exactly what I want to find out and that’s what I want to stop. I must begin by doing some questioning right here at the Project.† â€Å"No. You will simply be upsetting my people. Leave them alone.† â€Å"That’s exactly what I can’t do. Hari, my job is to protect you and for twenty-eight years I’ve been working at that. You cannot stop me now.† Something in the blaze of her eyes made it quite clear that, whatever Seldon’s desires or orders might be, Dors intended to do as she pleased. Seldon’s safety came first. 19 â€Å"May I interrupt you, Yugo?† â€Å"Of course, Dors,† said Yugo Amaryl with a large smile. â€Å"You are never an interruption. What can I do for you?† â€Å"I am trying to find out a few things, Yugo, and I wonder if you would humor me in this.† â€Å"If I can.† â€Å"You have something in the Project called the Prime Radiant. I hear it now and then. Hari speaks of it, so I imagine I know what it looks like when it is activated, but I have never actually seen it in operation. I would like to.† Amaryl looked uncomfortable. â€Å"Actually the Prime Radiant is just about the most closely guarded part of the Project and you aren’t on the list of the members who have access.† â€Å"I know that, but we’ve known each other for twenty-eight years-â€Å" â€Å"And you’re Hari’s wife. I suppose we can stretch a point. We only have two full Prime Radiants. There’s one in Hari’s office and one here. Right there, in fact.† Dors looked at the squat black cube on the central desk. It looked utterly undistinguished. â€Å"Is that it?† â€Å"That’s it. It stores the equations that describe the future.† â€Å"How do you get at those equations?† Amaryl moved a contact and at once the room darkened and then came to life in a variegated glow. All around Dors were symbols, arrows, mathematical signs of one sort or another. They seemed to be moving, spiraling, but when she focused her eyes on any particular portion, it seemed to be standing still. She said, â€Å"Is that the future, then?† â€Å"It may be,† said Amaryl, turning off the instrument. â€Å"I had it at full expansion so you could see the symbols. Without expansion, nothing is visible but patterns of light and dark.† â€Å"And by studying those equations, you are able to judge what the future holds in store for us?† â€Å"In theory.† The room was now back to its mundane appearance. â€Å"But there are two difficulties.† â€Å"Oh? What are they?† â€Å"To begin with, no human mind has created those equations directly. We have merely spent decades programming more powerful computers and they have devised and stored the equations, but, of course, we don’t know if they are valid and have meaning. It depends entirely on how valid and meaningful the programming is in the first place.† â€Å"They could be all wrong, then?† â€Å"They could be.† Amaryl rubbed his eyes and Dors could not help thinking how old and tired he seemed to have grown in the last couple of years. He was younger than Hari by nearly a dozen years, but he seemed much older. â€Å"Of course,† Amaryl went on in a rather weary voice, â€Å"we hope that they aren’t all wrong, but that’s where the second difficulty comes in. Although Hari and I have been testing and modifying them for decades, we can never be sure what the equations mean. The computer has constructed them, so it is to be presumed they must mean something-but what? There are portions that we think we have worked out. In fact, right now, I’m working on what we call Section A-23, a particularly knotty system of relationships. We have not yet been able to match it with anything in the real Universe. Still, each year sees us further advanced and I look forward confidently to the establishment of psychohistory as a legitimate and useful technique for dealing with the future.† â€Å"How many people have access to these Prime Radiants?† â€Å"Every mathematician in the Project has access but not at will. There have to be applications and time allotted and the Prime Radiant has to be adjusted to the portion of the equations a mathematician wishes to refer to. It gets a little complicated when everyone wants to use the Prime Radiant at the same time. Right now, things are slow, possibly because we’re still in the aftermath of Hari’s birthday celebration.† â€Å"Is there any plan for constructing additional Prime Radiants?† Amaryl thrust out his lips. â€Å"Yes and no. It would be very helpful if we had a third, but someone would have to be in charge of it. It can’t just be a community possession. I have suggested to Hari that Tamwile Elar-you know him, I think- â€Å" â€Å"Yes, I do.† â€Å"That Elar have a third Prime Radiant. His achaotic equations and the Electro-Clarifier he thought up make him clearly the third man in the Project after Hari and myself. Hari hesitates, however.† â€Å"Why? Do you know?† â€Å"If Elar gets one, he is openly recognized as the third man, over the Head of other mathematicians who are older and who have more senior status in the Project. There might be some political difficulties, so to speak. I think that we can’t waste time in worrying about internal politics, but Hari-Well, you know Hari.† â€Å"Yes, I know Hari. Suppose I tell you that Linn has seen the Prime Radiant.† â€Å"Linn?† â€Å"Colonel Hender Linn of the junta. Tennar’s lackey.† â€Å"I doubt that very much, Dors.† â€Å"He has spoken of spiraling equations and I have just seen them produced by the Prime Radiant. I can’t help but think he’s been here and seen it working.† Amaryl shook his head, â€Å"I can’t imagine anyone bringing a member of the junta into Hari’s office-or mine.† â€Å"Tell me, who in the Project do you think is capable of working with the junta in this fashion?† â€Å"No one,† said Amaryl flatly and with clearly unlimited faith. â€Å"That would be unthinkable. Perhaps Linn never saw the Prime Radiant but was merely told about it.† â€Å"Who would tell him about it?† Amaryl thought a moment and said, â€Å"No one.† â€Å"Well now, you talked about internal politics a while ago in connection with the possibility of Elar having a third Prime Radiant. I suppose in a Project such as this one with hundreds of people, there are little feuds going on all the time-frictions-quarrels.† â€Å"Oh yes. Poor Hari talks to me about it every once in a while. He has to deal with them in one way or another and I can well imagine what a headache it must be for him.† â€Å"Are these feuds so bad that they interfere with the working of the Project?† â€Å"Not seriously.† â€Å"Are there any people who are more quarrelsome than others or any duo draw more resentment than others? In short, are there people you can get rid of and perhaps remove 90 percent of the friction at the cost of 5 or 6 percent of the personnel?† Amaryl raised his eyebrows. â€Å"It sounds like a good idea, but I don’t know whom to get rid of. I don’t really participate in all the minutiae of internal politics. There’s no way of stopping it, so for my part, I merely avoid it.† â€Å"That’s strange,† said Dors. â€Å"Aren’t you in this way denying any credibility to psychohistory?† â€Å"In what way?† â€Å"How can you pretend to reach a point where you can predict and guide the future, when you cannot analyze and correct something as homegrown as personal frictions in the very Project that promises so much?† Amaryl chuckled softly. It was unusual, for he was not a man who was given to humor and laughter. â€Å"I’m sorry, Dors, but you picked on the one problem that we have solved, after a manner of speaking. Hari himself identified the equations that represented the difficulties of personal friction years ago and I myself then added the final touch last year. â€Å"I found that there were ways in which the equations could be changed so as to indicate a reduction in friction. In every such case, however, a reduction in friction here meant an increase in friction there. Never at any time was there a total decrease or, for that matter, a total increase in the friction within a closed group-that is, one in which no old members leave and no new members come in. What I proved, with the help of Elar’s achaotic equations, was that this was true despite any conceivable action anyone could take. Hari calls it ‘the law of conservation of personal problems.’ â€Å"It gave rise to the notion that social dynamics has its conservation laws as physics does and that, in fact, it is these laws that offer us the best possible tools for solving the truly troublesome aspects of psychohistory.† Dors said, â€Å"Rather impressive, but what if you end up finding that nothing at all can be changed, that everything that is bad is conserved, and that to save the Empire from destruction is merely to increase destruction of another kind?† â€Å"Actually some have suggested that, but I don’t believe it.† â€Å"Very well. Back to reality. Is there anything in the frictional problems within the Project that threaten Hari? I mean, with physical harm.† â€Å"Harm Hari? Of course not. How can you suggest such a thing?† â€Å"Might there not be some who resent Hari, for being too arrogant, too pushy, too self-absorbed, too eager to grab all the credit? Or, if none of these things apply, might they not resent him simply because he has run the Project for so long a time?† â€Å"I never heard anyone say such a thing about Hari.† Dors seemed dissatisfied. â€Å"I doubt that anyone would say such things in your hearing, of course. But thank you, Yugo, for being so helpful and for giving me so much of your time.† Amaryl stared after her as she left. He felt vaguely troubled, but then returned to his work and let other matters drift away. 20 One way Hari Seldon had (out of not too many ways) for pulling away from his work for a time was to visit Raych’s apartment, just outside the university grounds. To do this invariably filled him with love for his foster son. There were ample grounds. Raych had been good, capable, and loyal-but besides that was the strange quality Raych had of inspiring trust and love in others. Hari had observed it when Raych was a twelve-year-old street boy, who somehow pulled at his own and at Dors’s heartstrings. He remembered how Raych had affected Rashelle, the onetime Mayor of Wye. Hari remembered how Joranum had trusted Raych, which led to his own destruction. Raych had even managed to win the heart of the beautiful Manella. Hari did not completely understand this particular quality that Raych embodied, but he enjoyed whatever contact he had with his foster son. He entered the apartment with his usual â€Å"All well here?† Raych put aside the holographic material he was working with and rose to greet him, â€Å"All well, Dad.† â€Å"I don’t hear Wanda.† â€Å"For good reason. She’s out shopping with her mother.† Seldon seated himself and looked good-humoredly at the chaos of reference material. â€Å"How’s the book coming?† â€Å"It’s doing fine. It’s me who might not survive.† He sighed. â€Å"But for once, we’ll get the straight poop on Dahl. Nobody’s ever written a book devoted to that section, wouldja believe?† Seldon had always noted that, whenever Raych talked of his home sector, his Dahlite accent always strengthened. Raych said, â€Å"And how are you, Dad? Glad the festivities are over?† â€Å"Enormously. I hated just about every minute of it.† â€Å"Not so anyone could notice.† â€Å"Listen, I had to wear a mask of sorts. I didn’t want to spoil the celebration for everyone else.† â€Å"You must have hated it when Mom chased after you onto the Palace grounds. Everyone I know has been talking about that.† â€Å"I certainly did hate it. Your mother, Raych, is the most wonderful person in the world, but she is very difficult to handle. She might have spoiled my plans.† â€Å"What plans are those, Dad?† Seldon settled back. It was always pleasant to speak to someone in whom he had total trust and who knew nothing about psychohistory. More than once he had bounced thoughts off Raych and had worked them out into more sensible forms than would have been the case if those same thoughts had been mulled over in his mind. He said, â€Å"Are we shielded?† â€Å"Always.† â€Å"Good. What I did was to set General Tennar thinking along curious lines.† â€Å"What lines?† â€Å"Well, I discussed taxation a bit and pointed out that, in the effort to make taxation rest evenly on the population, it grew more and more complex, unwieldy, and costly. The obvious implication was that the tax system must be simplified.† â€Å"That seems to make sense.† â€Å"Up to a point, but it is possible that, as a result of our little discussion, Tennar may oversimplify. You see, taxation loses effectiveness at both extremes. Overcomplicate it and people cannot understand it and pay for an overgrown and expensive tax organization. Oversimplify it and people consider it unfair and grow bitterly resentful. The simplest tax is a poll tax, in which every individual pays the same amount, but the unfairness of treating rich and poor alike in this way is too evident to overlook.† â€Å"And you didn’t explain this to the General?† â€Å"Somehow, I didn’t get a chance.† â€Å"Do you think the General will try a poll tax?† â€Å"I think he will plan one. If he does, the news is bound to leak out and that alone would suffice to set off riots and possibly upset the government.† â€Å"And you’ve done this on purpose, Dad?† â€Å"Of course.† Raych shook his head. â€Å"I don’t quite understand you, Dad. In your personal life, you’re as sweet and gentle as any person in the Empire. Yet you can deliberately set up a situation in which there will be riots, suppression, deaths. There’ll be a lot of damage done, Dad. Have you thought of that?† Seldon leaned back in his chair and said sadly, â€Å"I think of nothing else, Raych. When I first began my work on psychohistory, it seemed a purely academic piece of research to me. It was something that could not he worked out at all, in all likelihood, and, if it was, it would not be something that could be practically applied. But the decades pass and we know more and more and then comes the terrible urge to apply it.† â€Å"So that people can die?† â€Å"No, so that fewer people can die. If our psychohistorical analyses are correct now, then the junta cannot survive for more than a few years and there are various alternative ways in which it can collapse. They will all he fairly bloody and desperate. This method-the taxation gimmick- should do it more smoothly and gently than any other if-I repeat-our analyses are correct.† â€Å"If they’re not correct, what then?† â€Å"In that case, we don’t know what might happen. Still, psychohistory must reach the point where it can be used and we’ve been searching for years for something in which we have worked out the consequences with a certain assuredness and can find those consequences tolerable as compared with alternatives. In a way, this taxation gimmick is the first great psychohistoric experiment.† â€Å"I must admit, it sounds like a simple one.† â€Å"It isn’t. You have no idea how complex psychohistory is. Nothing is simple. The poll tax has been tried now and then throughout history. It is never popular and it invariably gives rise to resistance of one form or another, but it almost never results in the violent overthrow of a government. After all, the powers of governmental oppression may be too strong or there may be methods whereby the people can bring to bear their opposition in a peaceful manner and achieve redress. If a poll tax were invariably or even just sometimes fatal, then no government would ever try it. It is only because it isn’t fatal that it is tried repeatedly. The situation on Trantor is, however, not exactly normal. There are certain instabilities that seem clear in psychohistorical analysis, which make it seem that resentment will be particularly strong and repression particularly weak.† Raych sounded dubious. â€Å"I hope it works, Dad, but don’t you think that the General will say that he was working under psychohistorical advice and bring you down with him?† â€Å"I suppose he recorded our little session together, but if he publicizes that, it will show clearly that I urged him to wait till I could analyze the situation properly and prepare a report-and he refused to wait.† â€Å"And what does Mom think of all this?† Seldon said, â€Å"I haven’t discussed it with her. She’s off on another tangent altogether.† â€Å"Really?† â€Å"Yes. She’s trying to sniff out some deep conspiracy in the Project-aimed at me! I imagine she thinks there are many people in the Project who would like to get rid of me.† Seldon sighed. â€Å"I’m one of them, I think. I would like to get rid of me as director of the Project and leave the gathering responsibilities of psychohistory to others.† Raych said, â€Å"What’s bugging Mom is Wanda’s dream. You know how Mom feels about protecting you. I’ll bet even a dream about your dying would be enough to make her think of a murder conspiracy against you.† â€Å"I certainly hope there isn’t one.† And at the idea of it both men laughed. 21 The small Electro-Clarification Laboratory was, for some reason, maintained at a temperature somewhat lower than normal and Dors Venabili wondered idly why that might be. She sat quietly, waiting for the one occupant of the lab to finish whatever it was she was doing. Dors eyed the woman carefully. Slim, with a long face. Not exactly attractive, with her thin lips and receding jawline, but a look of intelligence shone in her dark brown eyes. The glowing nameplate on her desk said: CINDA MONAY. She turned to Dors at last and said, â€Å"My apologies, Dr. Venabili, but there are some procedures that can’t be interrupted even for the wife of the director.† â€Å"I would have been disappointed in you if you had neglected the procedure on my behalf. I have been told some excellent things about you.† â€Å"That’s always nice to hear. Who’s been praising me?† â€Å"Quite a few,† said Dors. â€Å"I gather that you are one of the most prominent nonmathematicians in the Project.† Monay winced. â€Å"There’s a certain tendency to divide the rest of us from the aristocracy of mathematics. My own feeling is that, if I’m prominent, then I’m a prominent member of the Project. It makes no difference that I’m a nonmathematician.† â€Å"That certainly sounds reasonable to me. How long have you been with the Project?† â€Å"Two and a half years. Before that I was a graduate student in radiational physics at Streeling and, while I was doing that, I served a couple of years with the Project as an intern.† â€Å"You’ve done well at the Project, I understand.† â€Å"I’ve been promoted twice, Dr. Venabili.† â€Å"Have you encountered any difficulties here, Dr. Monay? Whatever you say will be held confidential.† â€Å"The work is difficult, of course, but if you mean, have I run into any social difficulties, the answer is no. At least not any more than one would expect in any large and complex project, I imagine.† â€Å"And by that you mean?† â€Å"Occasional spats and quarrels. We’re all human.† â€Å"But nothing serious?† Monay shook her head. â€Å"Nothing serious.† â€Å"My understanding, Dr. Monay,† said Dors, â€Å"is that you have been responsible for the development of a device important to the use of the Prime Radiant. It makes it possible to cram much more information into the Prime Radiant.† Monay broke into a radiant smile. â€Å"Do you know about that? Yes, the Electro-Clarifier. After that was developed, Professor Seldon established this small laboratory and put me in charge of other work in that direction.† â€Å"I’m amazed that such an important advance did not bring you up into the higher echelons of the Project.† â€Å"Oh well,† said Monay, looking a trifle embarrassed. â€Å"I don’t want to take all the credit. Actually my work was only that of a technician-a very skilled and creative technician, I like to think-but there you are.† â€Å"And who worked with you?† â€Å"Didn’t you know? It was Tamwile Elar. He worked out the theory that made the device possible and I designed and built the actual instrument.† â€Å"Does that mean he took the credit, Dr. Monay?† â€Å"No no. You mustn’t think that. Dr. Elar is not that kind of man. He gave me full credit for my share of the work. In fact, it was his idea to call the device by our names-both our names-but he couldn’t.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Well, that’s Professor Seldon’s rule, you know. All devices and equations are to be given functional names and not personal ones-to avoid resentment. So the device is just the Electro-Clarifier. When we’re working together, however, he gives the device our names and, I tell you, Dr. Venabili, it sounds grand. Perhaps someday, all of the Project personnel will use the personal name. I hope so.† â€Å"I hope so, too,† said Dors politely. â€Å"You make Elar sound like a very decent individual.† â€Å"He is. He is,† said Monay earnestly. â€Å"He is a delight to work for. Right now, I’m working on a new version of the device, which is more powerful and which I don’t quite understand. I mean, what it’s to be used for. However, he’s directing me there.† â€Å"And are you making progress?† â€Å"Indeed. In fact, I’ve given Dr. Elar a prototype, which he plans to test. If it works out, we can proceed further.† â€Å"It sounds good,† agreed Dors. â€Å"What do you think would happen if Professor Seldon were to resign as director of the Project? If he were to retire?† Monay looked surprised. â€Å"Is the professor planning to retire?† â€Å"Not that I know of. I’m presenting you with a hypothetical case. Suppose he retires. Who do you think would be a natural successor? I think from what you have said that you would favor Professor Elar as the new director.† â€Å"Yes, I would,† responded Monay after a trifling hesitation. â€Å"He’s far and away the most brilliant of the new people and I think he could run the Project in the best possible way. Still, he’s rather young. There are a considerable number of old fossils-well, you know what I mean-who would resent being passed over by a young squirt.† â€Å"Is there any old fossil you’re thinking of in particular? Remember, this is confidential.† â€Å"Quite a few of them, but there’s Dr. Amaryl. He’s the heir apparent.† â€Å"Yes, I see what you mean.† Dors rose. â€Å"Well, thank you so much for your help. I’ll let you return to your work now.† She left, thinking about the Electro-Clarifier. And about Amaryl. How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 19, Essay examples

Failure of Peacekeeping Mission Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Failure of Peacekeeping Mission. Answer: Introduction In the current global political scenario, one of the key issues being faced by the international community is the attack on humanity. This is due to the reason that, recent years are being stuffed with the incidents of terrorism, civil wars and wars, which eventually lead to the mass destruction and death of millions (Laqueur 2016). Thus, the current scenario is facing the huge crisis in the field of humanity. Moreover, this trend is rapidly increasing with more countries are being affected by terrorism and civil wars are being emerging in different regions. However, in this case, United Nations have a greater role to play in reducing the implications of these activities and preventing their future emergence (Hultman, Kathman and Shannon 2013). On the other hand, there are various cases where it is being seen that, in some countries the peacekeeping mission of United Nations failed terribly due to various reasons. The two most notorious and infamous incidents of civil war, where the peacekeeping mission of United Nations failed are in Rwanda and Somalia. This essay will discuss about the incidents of mass destruction being happened in these countries and their implications. Moreover, it will also be discussed about the shortcomings of peacekeeping mission of United Nations in these two countries (Dwyer 2015). Accordingly a few recommendations will be discussed in this essay in order to assist the institution to prevent the origination of same incidents in future. Civil war in Rwanda In 1994, civil war emerged in Rwanda between the ethnic groups of Tutsi and Hutu. The difference between the Tutsi and Hutu was being emerged since the independence of Rwanda. The difference between them is mainly on the religious lines. However, the issues between them are mainly remained in smaller terms. Only in 1994, this existing issue got enlarged in to being a civil war and mass destruction of the millions of people (Yanagizawa-Drott 2014). The genocide began when the government of Rwanda dominated by Hutu groups started ethnic cleansing by executing the people from Tutsi community. This is due to the reason that, the then president of Burundi was being killed and it was being concluded that, the Tutsi rebel group is responsible. It was being estimated that, nearly 500000 to 1000000 people are being killed in the civil war. The genocide got worse when Rwandan Patriotic Front representing the victimized Tutsi group involved in the conflict. They were heavily armed and fought with the government coalition force (Mamdani 2014). This in turn caused displacement of approximately more than 2000000 Hutus. Thus, more than 70 percent of the total populations of Rwanda are directly and indirectly affected. In addition, the economy of the country crippled, which further lead to the origination of the issues such as poverty, income inequality and malnutrition (Schaal et al. 2012). Further investigation in this matter revealed that, various government heads, military heads and other political elites were involved in committing this genocide in view to acquire the control of the country. Moreover, France and some other countries are also being accused for supporting and equipping the government coalition army. Failure of United Nations peacekeeping mission The key motive of peacekeeping mission of United Nations is to create stability in the war torn regions and protecting the civilians from the militias. In addition, peacekeeping mission is also being carried out for countering the rebel or terrorist groups in different affected regions. In the case of Rwanda, the key objectives of the peacekeeping mission are the protection of the civilians, reducing the face-offs between the government coalition army and the rebel groups and to maintain the stability in the region (Brattberg 2012). However, contrary to the popular beliefs, the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda failed to provide any solutions to the issues. There are various reasons that are being identified later as the cause of failures of the peacekeeping mission. One of the key reasons is the contradictory behavior of the major allies in the world. This is due to the fact that, countries such as France and Belgium had not shown any interest in solving the civil war in Rwanda. On the other hand, France contributed and helped the government coalition forces to execute the rebels (Wallis 2014). Thus, a consensus has not being created among the major economies in the world. This affected the decision making policy to deal with the issue of Rwanda. American factor The second issue being identified is the lack of intervention of America in this issue. Being one of the leading superpower in the world, America is one of the prominent political pillars in determining the global policy especially in the policy of United Nations (Jacobson 2012). However, in the case of Rwanda, America had not shown the interest in intervening in their domestic matter, which further de-motivated the other world powers to not get involved in the case. This is due to the reason that, the case of Rwanda was emerged during their presidential election during the tenure of Bill Clinton. Moreover, due to the death of American Rangers in Rwanda, it becomes difficult for President Clinton to continue the keep the American peacekeepers due to the fear of having more casualties, which will provoke the American people to give their mandate against Clinton (Cunliffe 2012). Due to the fact that, America is one of the major contributors in terms of providing manpower and equipments in the peacekeeping mission of the United Nation, lack of intervention of the America caused adverse impact on the initiation of the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. The third reason is the ineffectiveness and lack of extensive media reporting in the nineties (Globalpolicy.org 2017). In the current scenario, media is much more powerful due to the use of latest communication technologies and transportation modes, which enables them to communicate the news more effectively and extensively around the world. However, in nineties, the media was not that effective and thus the news of the Rwandan genocide was not being effectively communicated around the world. This caused lack of awareness among the citizens of different world powers, which had not made any pressure to the government to take active role in mitigating the genocide. Lack of communication Another important reason that is being identified on further investigation is the lack of communication among the key stakeholders and policymakers in United Nation. Investigation in the later stage reveled that, in January 11, 1994, a cable was being sent by then Lieutenant General of the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda about the possibility of the genocide (Globalpolicy.org 2017). However, the cable was received but not was being shared with the members in Security Council. This caused no discussion regarding the possibility of genocide in Rwanda, which eventually lead to having no plan or blueprint to mitigate the impact of the genocide. All the above discussed reasons caused the lack of having effective decision by United Nation regarding the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. Moreover, this also caused delay in taking decision even after the starting of the genocide. All of these aspects piled up to holistically hampering the effectiveness of the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. Civil war of Somalia The civil war in Somalia was more extensive compared to the civil war in Rwanda. Moreover, Rwanda is now overcame the issue of civil war and started to grow their economy. On the other hand, Somalia is still being affected due to civil war and it is growing rapidly with time. Somali civil war first broke out between the various warlords to have the control of the country; however, it slowly became a war between the government and terrorist organizations (Un.org 2017). With the involvement of the terrorist organizations in the war scenario, religious angle is being indulged, which is making the matter worse. The issue first emerged from the resistance to the military power in the country (Keen 2012). With having the common motive of overthrowing the military Junta government, various rebel groups were being equipped, trained armed. In 1991, they managed to overthrown the military government. However, the issue became worse due to the reason that, all the rebel groups now turned among themselves to gain the control of the country. This caused emergence of the civil war in various parts of the country. Due to the reason that, these factions were received support from their respective constituencies, they became the unofficial warlord of different regions in Somalia. In the later stage, Al-Shabaab was being formed with having the objective of implementing radical Islamic regulations in the country (Marchal 2013). This caused emergence of the terrorism in the country and this is still now going on. All these factors made Somalia a failed state in the global scenario. Failure of peacekeeping mission in Somalia As in Rwanda, the peacekeeping mission of United Nation is Somalia also got failed due to the various reasons. One of the key reasons being identified is the delay in sending the peacekeeper in the affected regions in Somalia (Williams 2013). It is being reported that, when the fight between the militias of General Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi broke out, there were no steps being taken by the policy makers in United Nations. This caused the matter went out of control when the peacekeepers are being send to the affected area. Moreover, due to the inclination of the policy makers in United Nations towards General Aidid, United Nations had not sent the troops to the affected regions as promised (Alex de Waa, 2017). Thus, having only a nominal number of troops compared to the huge number of the rebels in Somalia, positive outcome were not achieved. It is also being reported that, majority of the peacekeepers were being kept in the barracks. Thus, the basic motive of sending the peac ekeepers were diluted (Anderson 2014). Another reason that is being identified is the policy of dumping of cheap American food items in Somalia. In the initial stage the influx of the food items had positive outcomes due to giving famine in the country. However, in the later stage, local farmers deprived from getting the fair price due to the imported American items (Alex de Waa, 2017). This made the local Somalis becoming adverse to the presence of the peacekeepers. This is one of the key reasons due to the fact that, peacekeepers need the local support to fight the insurgents and thus, reduction in the local support had adverse implication on their effectiveness. One of the most important reasons is the behavior of the peacekeepers towards the local communities (Peter 2015). In the initial stage of the peacekeeping mission in Somalia, local people supported them in expecting that they will be protected from the insurgents. However, in the later stage it is being reported that, the peacekeeping soldiers are also being ac cused for beating, harassing and killing the innocents (Alex de Waa, 2017). Thus, for the local people, there was no difference between the insurgents and the peacekeepers. They are being accused of attacking the hospitals and bombing the innocent gatherings. In the case of mitigating the civil war in Somalia also, lack of effective chain of command caused issues among the peacekeepers from different countries. This is due to the fact that, peacekeepers of the United Nations are being derived from the army of different countries (Bellamy and Williams 2013). However, there is no single chain of command among them; rather they have to wait for their command from their respective authority. This caused negative impact on the effectiveness of fighting against the insurgents. Thus, the above discussed factors are the key reasons for the failure of the peacekeeping mission of United Nation in Somalia. It also leads to no effective resolution of the conflict, which is still going on and gradually increasing (Allen and Yuen 2014). Recommendations The above discussed reasons are the key factors for the failure of the peacekeeping mission of United Nation in both Rwanda and Somalia. Thus, it is of urgent requirement that these failures should not be repeated again in future. Accordingly, the following sections will discuss about the recommended steps that should be effectively implemented in order to prevent the future chance of emergence of these issues. One of the key recommended steps will be to initiate a singular approach of chain of command for the peacekeeping troops. This will help United Nations to manage the peacekeepers as a single unit. This will help them to lead and send the troops as unified force in the affected area. In addition, it will also help to reduce the delay in deploying the troops of different countries more effectively. From the above discussed issues, it is being identified that, providing back up and supply chain for the deployed peacekeepers are not being managed effectively. In various cases, it is been seen that, proper equipment and facilities are not being delivered and provided to the deployed peacekeepers to the affected regions. In some other cases it is also being seen that, troops are not being deployed in proper amount, rather a part of the required troops is being deployed. This will made the deployed troops ineffective. Thus, the supply chain should be effectively maintained in order to meet the field requirement effectively and in less time. The communication and decision making mechanism should be made effective among the policy makers in United Nations. This is due to the fact that, in the case of Rwanda and Somalia, it is being seen that, ineffective communication mechanism delayed the process of deploying troops in the affected region in less time. Thus, the decision making process should be enhanced in order to take the decision in less time in the case if an emergency. Much of the effectiveness of the peacekeeping mission is being determined by the support of the local population. This is due to the fact that, local people will help the outside troops by providing the facilities and basic amenities to them and by providing strategic information about the insurgents. Moreover, it is difficult for the foreign troops to have the fair and clear idea about the local geographical scenario. This can also be overcome with the help of the locals. However, there are various accusations against the peacekeepers regarding the unethical practices with the local population. Thus, this should be avoided and prevented. The troops should be given proper and suitable training before deployment about the importance of following the ethical practices and the potential consequences in case of any breach. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, there are several valid reasons for the failure of the peacekeeping missions of United Nations in Rwanda and Somalia. Major issues are being discussed in this essay. It is being identified that the major issues are the lack of effective communication among the policy makers in the United Nations. In addition, the lack of effective and singular approach of chain of command is another key issue being identified. Accordingly, various recommendations are being discussed in this essay. It is being expected that, effective implementation of the recommended steps being discussed in this essay will help to reduce the chance or probability of the failure of the peacekeeping mission in future. Reference Alex de Waa, R. (2017).The U.N.'s Greatest Failure?. [online] tribunedigital-baltimoresun. Available at: https://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-10-10/news/1993283156_1_mohamed-sahnoun-somalia-united-nations [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Allen, S.H. and Yuen, A.T., 2014. The politics of peacekeeping: UN Security Council oversight across peacekeeping missions.International Studies Quarterly,58(3), pp.621-632. Anderson, N., 2014. Peacekeepers fighting a counterinsurgency campaign: a net assessment of the African Union Mission in Somalia.Studies in Conflict Terrorism,37(11), pp.936-958. Bellamy, A.J. and Williams, P.D. eds., 2013.Providing peacekeepers: the politics, challenges, and future of United Nations peacekeeping contributions. OUP Oxford. Brattberg, E., 2012. Revisiting UN Peacekeeping in Rwanda and Sierra Leone.Peace Review,24(2), pp.156-162. Cunliffe, P., 2012. Still the spectre at the feast: Comparisons between peacekeeping and imperialism in peacekeeping studies today.International Peacekeeping,19(4), pp.426-442. Dwyer, M., 2015. Peacekeeping abroad, trouble making at home: Mutinies in West Africa.African Affairs,114(455), pp.206-225. Globalpolicy.org. (2017).UN Failed Rwanda,. [online] Available at: https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/201/39240.html [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Hultman, L., Kathman, J. and Shannon, M., 2013. United Nations peacekeeping and civilian protection in civil war.American Journal of Political Science,57(4), pp.875-891. Jacobson, T.W., 2012. UN Peacekeeping: Few Successes, Many Failures, Inherent Flaws. Keen, D., 2012. Greed and grievance in civil war.International Affairs,88(4), pp.757-777. Laqueur, W., 2016.A History of Terrorism: Expanded Edition. Transaction Publishers. Mamdani, M., 2014.When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Princeton University Press. Marchal, R., 2013. Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war.Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in gender relations and political reform,331. Peter, M., 2015. Between doctrine and practice: The UN peacekeeping dilemma.Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations,21(3), pp.351-370. Schaal, S., Dusingizemungu, J.P., Jacob, N., Neuner, F. and Elbert, T., 2012. Associations between prolonged grief disorder, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety in Rwandan genocide survivors.Death Studies,36(2), pp.97-117. Un.org. (2017).UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA I (UNOSOM I) - Background (Full text). [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosom1backgr2.html [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Wallis, A., 2014.Silent accomplice: the untold story of France's role in the Rwandan genocide. IB Tauris. Williams, P., 2013. The African Union Mission in Somalia and Civilian Protection Challenges.Stability: International Journal of Security and Development,2(2). Yanagizawa-Drott, D., 2014. Propaganda and conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan genocide.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,129(4), pp.1947-1994.

Healthcare Industry Money-spinners of Modern Times an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Healthcare Industry: Money-spinners of Modern Times? INTRODUCTION In this fast-pacing modern world, people are facing a mixed bag of achievements. On one hand they are earning money and enjoying the life through countless avenues, on the other, they are driven by stress, agony and countless ailments due to lifestyle hazards or the deteriorating environmental conditions. Between these two extreme poles, Healthcare has been helping the humans to maintain their balance by caring their health, and sharing their ideas on how to achieve a fuller life with a sound mind in a healthy body. And in the present day context, Healthcare is poised to become the top industry with the rise of both health hazards and the desire of human to be more beautiful and efficient. Therefore this report probes on the pros and cons of this industry by weighing its salient features and futuristic implications, before concluding on an approbatory note. Need essay sample on "Healthcare Industry: Money-spinners of Modern Times?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY IN BRIEF Healthcare Industry is a broad based term, encompassing a large gamut diverse industries, which some way or other helps humans in the processes of healing, body-mind building, sustaining good health, giving birth or engineering cosmetic changes. With the growth in its demand condition, this industry is also growing as one of the most competitive service sectors of the modern times, complete with technologies, corporate designs and management skills. With rapid globalisation, this industry too has seen the birth of corporate giants as the global players. For example, most of the large companies operating in the 4 billion U.K Healthcare sector (global market) belong to foreign countries, with a staggering number of 50,000 staff manning that industry (Healthcare, 2007).The impact of this sector in U.K. alone is understood when some companies thrive on analysing the portfolios of top 2000 companies in the UK Healthcare industry! This clearly speak about its prospect of further growth in the coming future (Plimsoll). The global leader of this industry is America, where it employs 13.5 million people as regular workers besides engaging 411,000 others in self-employment, where there are 545,000 establishments to run this industry (Health, 2007). According to the divisions made by the U.S. Department of Labour, Healthcare industry comprises of nine segments, and they are: Hospitals, Nursing and residential care facilities, Offices of the physicians, Offices of the dentists, Home health care services, Offices of other health practitioners, Outpatient care centres, Other ambulatory health care services and Medical and diagnostic laboratories. Together these divisions Healthcare industry in the U.S. is layered with four major categories of like Managerial, Professional, Service professional and Ministerial occupations, which cover 36 divisions of employers. DIVISIONS IN BRIEF Those nine divisions provide a somewhat identifiable shape of this industry, though they differ from each other in terms of operation. Thus a brief introduction of those divisions are given below: Hospitals: They provide complete care stretched between diagnostic services to continuous nursing care. Some of them specializes in one or more branches of medical service, all the while providing services to both inpatients or outpatients. It is understandable that the size of hospitals and their range of services grossly depend on various other factors like location, goals, philosophy, need, management policy, rush of patients, or funding. Nursing and residential care facilities: This deals more with personal care services, which can both be at home or at hospital. Offices of the physicians: This division covers the major share of this industry, as the doctors (physicians and surgeons) have the scope to serve both as an employee of an organization and as a private practitioner. Offices of the dentists: This sector also secures a good position in the industry, where most of its establishments make room for them.Home health care services: Once a small segment of the industry, this service is now growing rapidly with the growing number of senior citizens, its target market segment. Accordingly all its ancillary industries (various device-makers) are also growing. Offices of other health practitioners: This segment is comprised of professionals who service both as professional and private practitioners of a particular service. Chiropractors, speech-therapists, optometrists, podiatrists, physiotherapist, psychologists, audiologists, pathologists, dietitians and the entire group of alternative medicine practitioners belong to this rank and file. Outpatient care centres: This segment contains diverse establishments, practically covering anything diagnostics. This segment is a major player too as most of the treatments are based on it. Other ambulatory health care services: This is more or less belongs to the support system in the Healthcare industry, which deals with specific kind of transportation to its clients according to their needs its service involves ambulance, blood or organ banks, or other ambulatory services like pacemaker monitoring services or anti-smoking programmes.Medical and diagnostic laboratories: This segment is the technical branch of the diagnostics it analyses clinical data through devices or thorough culture. This segment perhaps has the lowest number of entrants in it. PRESENT STATE This industry is rapidly advancing towards many directions, mostly due to the advancement in the fields like medical research, technology related to medical devices and new approach towards the Healthcare by the customers. Newer inventions are facilitating cures to the complex ailments, and soon they are adding to the business prospects in the industry. The rush for gene therapy or organ transplants or to cosmetic surgery aptly corroborates this trend. Added to that, stunning developments in the information technology has also proved to be a blessing for this industry. Alongside, there are some noticeable changes in the approach and attitude are taking place in this industry, mostly due to fierce competition, where consumer is enjoying the privilege to determine the nature of service. It is because of this, the number of inpatients are getting thinner and the number of outpatients or in-home patients are increasing, comparing to the earlier times. Each one in the industry is bent on to prove its efficacy in many ways ranging from cost-effective service to customized care programmes. JOB ENVIRONMENT Just like its diverse nature, its job environment also varies greatly, covering many occupations, many schedules and many types of workers. As mentioned earlier, this sector in the U.S. alone employs 13.5 million people directly besides its 411,000 indirect workers. Out of those, 41 per cent of holds positions in the hospitals, 22 per cent is engaged in nursing and residential care, while 16 per cent opts for the offices of physicians. The area of their operations is somewhat dense in the big states. SKILL LEVELS Though the doctors form the most identifiable section of this industry, the apex of it belongs to the management cadres, who are the decision makers of the large houses. However, according to a general scale, a considerable range of its employees are educated at least up to graduate level. However, technically skilled people do have their niche in this industry, such the home health aides, lab technicians, dental or medical assistants or experts in physiotherapy. Due to the flexibility of this industry, all of its members more or less have the options to go private rather than sticking to the job. SCOPE FOR ADVANCEMENT Since this is mainly a service industry sector, it always has room for improvement in any direction, besides having niches for almost all to enter in one way or the other. Even a lab technician here can be in great demand for his skills, which would speak more of him/her rather than the degrees at home. Accordingly, the job opportunities here are excellent for anyone interested! In U.S. alone, the employment growth in this sector is expected to add around 3.6 million new wage and salary jobs, which is 19 per cent of the existing total.Branch wise, employment in the home health aides branch is projected to record the fastest growth in this industry which includes self-employment too. INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS With the advancement of medical science, the average lifespan has increased, which has resulted in the larger number of senior citizens, This situation, coupled with the social trend of opting for unit family or fast and engaged lifestyle of the children of these senior citizens has made them increasingly dependent on the home health services or paid personal care. If solitary sojourn has resulted the rise in home Healthcare services, the flashy lifestyle and hard competitions have brought in a new range of diseases, of which psychosomatic problems dominating the scene. This in turn has brought the psychologists and the counselors in the limelight ever than before. On the other hand, the constant upswing in the medical costs has forced 45 million U.S. citizens uncovered by any medical insurance and 250 million having only partial coverage (Medretreat, 2007). This situation is has opened another extension of Healthcare Medical Tourism. This new offspring of Healthcare industry is arranging medical treatment of those U.S. citizens in the developing countries, where the medical expense is far cheaper than U.S., so much so that citizens who cannot afford to pay the insurance bill would be able to afford the luxury trips in the exotic locations in those countries. This new sector is also showing promise to rope in a good chunk of 350 million Americ ans who are willing to opt for cosmetic surgery (Medretreat, 2007). Another interesting angle of social influence on this industry can be found in the rapid growth of the usage of alternative medicine, which contains services like teaching yoga or specific breathing techniques according to the ancient, oriental traditions. This trend has ushered in a new generations of healing or well-being specialists. According to the sources, the consumer group belonging to the age range of 30 to 55 are solidly backing the growth of this industry (Alternative, 2007). It has cited many reasons behind this new fad over alternative medicine, like its non-invasive nature, high cost of allopathic substitutes, or the ease in operation. FUTURE SCOPES As is the case of any other industry, the future of Healthcare industry is also dependent on two common factors like new discoveries and change in social situations. As far as new discoveries are concerned, this industry is brimming with possibilities, with newer avenues already identified with huge potentials. With the advancement in the gene technology there are indications of some new bends taking place in the near future. That would sure usher in new technologies, new line of medicines and overall new approach to this industry as well. This new phase of the industry might align with the hidden desires of the humans as well desires like customized creation of the offspring or customizing the human behavioural process or for that matter, customizing the parts of the body all these hidden desires of humans could surface with the advancement of biotechnology (The Future, 2007). In the event of such a possibility, the entire course of this industry might take a new route, of which n o one can guess correctly. CONCLUSION The Healthcare industry presently seems to be more dynamic than any other industry, as it is evident in its constant ramification and rapid growth. The uniqueness of this industry lies in the fact that it can accommodate anyone irrespective of the standard yardstick of education, people can earn by being self-employed. This industry is blessed with the constant research and development movement, and thus never falls short ideas to create new niches of business. Alongside, social situations are also favouring its growth and sustenance with its tendencies. Paradoxically, the decline in the global environment has extended the horizon of this industry as well there are more asthma patients than ever due to automobile pollution or there are more victims of sun radiation all of whom have emerged out as the prospective clients. However, on the sunny side of it, the new-age culture of attaining physical and mental freedom has also started bringing up another branch of this industry into li melight and that is, alternative medicine. As it is evident in the bulk presence of alternative medicines in the shelves of the medical shops, this segment has already made significant advancement in grabbing the market share, and is showing enough promise for the future. Altogether, the overall prospect of this industry is encouraging more than ever. REFERENCES "Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality." Website. Retrieved on Nov 21, 2007, "Alternative Medicine." Webzine. Retrieved on Nov 21, 2007, "Alternative Medicine Goes Mainstream." Web Article. "Healing health care. Together." Webzine. "Health Care." 2007. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labour Statistics. "Healthcare." Website. Retrieved on Nov 21, 2007, "Healthcare industry." 2007. Web Article. Retrieved on Nov 23, 2007.